Papyrus was used for writing in Ancient Egypt, perhaps as early as the First Dynasty, although the first evidence is from the account books of King Neferirkare Kakai of the Fifth Dynasty (about 2400 BC). Scrolls can be made from papyrus, a thick paper-like material made by weaving the stems of the papyrus plant, then pounding the woven sheet with a hammer-like tool until it is flattened. Historyīook of the Dead of Hunefer c. 1275 BC ink and pigments on papyrus 45 × 90.5 cm British Museum (London) The Latin word codex, meaning a book in the modern sense (bound and with separate leaves), originally meant 'block of wood'. It is thus conjectured that the earliest Indo-European writings may have been carved on beech wood. In Russian, Serbian and Macedonian, the word букварь ( bukvar') or буквар ( bukvar) refers to a primary school textbook that helps young children master the techniques of reading and writing. In Slavic languages like Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian буква bukva-'letter' is cognate with 'beech'. The word book comes from Old English bōc, which in turn comes from the Germanic root * bōk-, cognate to ' beech'. The 21st century has also seen a rapid rise in the popularity of audiobooks, which are recordings of books being read aloud. Although in most countries printed books continue to outsell their digital counterparts due to many people still preferring to read in a traditional way. In some wealthier nations, the sale of printed books has decreased because of the increased usage of ebooks. Google has estimated that by 2010, approximately 130,000,000 titles had been published. Books are traded at both regular stores and specialized bookstores, and people can read borrowed books, often for free, at libraries. An avid reader or collector of books is a bibliophile or colloquially, "bookworm".
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Books may be distributed in electronic form as ebooks and other formats.Īlthough in ordinary academic parlance a monograph is understood to be a specialist academic work, rather than a reference work on a scholarly subject, in library and information science monograph denotes more broadly any non-serial publication complete in one volume (book) or a finite number of volumes (even a novel like Proust's seven-volume In Search of Lost Time), in contrast to serial publications like a magazine, journal or newspaper. Some physical books are made with pages thick and sturdy enough to support other physical objects, like a scrapbook or photograph album.
In a physical book, the pages can be left blank or can feature an abstract set of lines to support entries, such as in an account book, an appointment book, an autograph book, a notebook, a diary or a sketchbook. Books can consist only of drawings, engravings or photographs, crossword puzzles or cut-out dolls. The intellectual content in a physical book need not be a composition, nor even be called a book.
In an unrestricted sense, a book is the compositional whole of which such sections, whether called books or chapters or parts, are parts. Each part of Aristotle's Physics is called a book. In a restricted sense, a book is a self-sufficient section or part of a longer composition, a usage reflecting that, in antiquity, long works had to be written on several scrolls and each scroll had to be identified by the book it contained. A single sheet in a codex is a leaf and each side of a leaf is a page.Īs an intellectual object, a book is prototypically a composition of such great length that it takes a considerable investment of time to compose and still considered as an investment of time to read. In the history of hand-held physical supports for extended written compositions or records, the codex replaces its predecessor, the scroll.
The technical term for this physical arrangement is codex (plural, codices). The Gutenberg Bible, one of the first books to be printed using the printing press LiteratureĪ book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) bound together and protected by a cover.
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